Which of the following statements best illustrates causality?
A) Individuals who have suffered a myocardial infarction (MI) are at higher risk for a second MI within the next 5 years.
B) Prolonged sun exposure is associated with higher rates of skin cancer.
C) Hiatal hernias are diagnosed more frequently in elderly individuals.
D) Taking time away from work leads to fewer stress-related illnesses.
B
Feedback:
The statement, "Prolonged sun exposure is associated with higher rates of skin cancer" best illustrates causality. The other statements involve a greater likelihood that multiple variables could explain the effect, whereas the link between prolonged sun exposure and skin cancer is much stronger.
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Fill in the blank with the appropriate word.
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