Answer the following statements true (T) or false (F)

1. The ‘independent variable’ is also known as the ‘outcome variable’.
2. The ‘dependent variable’ is also known as the ‘predictor variable’.
3. Problem formulation, one of the general steps in empirical research, is a type of experimental or nonexperimental approach.
4. Problem formulation is the selection, identification, and specification of the research topic to be investigated.
5. A primary problem faced by students is a lack of available online academic journals and periodicals.


1. False
2. False
3. False
4. True
5. False

Criminal Justice

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The minerals found in different soil samples cannot effectively be used to determine whether or not they have the same origin

a. True b. False

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The director of national intelligence (DNI) is the titular head of the ____________________ community

Fill in the blank(s) with correct word

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In 2012, _____ percent of arrests were for violent crimes.

a. Less than 5% b. 10% c. 15% d. More than 15%

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The theory of _____ helps to identify program characteristics that will produce the greatest reduction in recidivism

a. cognitive-behavioral therapy b. risk/need/responsivity c. motivational interviewing d. risk/rehabilitation/responsivity

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