By the mid-1990s, the Social Security program faced which of the following problems?
A) The expansion of the program, coupled with continuing inflation, had created enormous financial strain on the program.
B) Social Security taxes go into a trust fund so that the program can be self-sustaining, but payments to recipients were outpacing the growth of the program's reserves.
C) Part of the problem was demographic; compared with when the program started, there were, proportionately, fewer people of working age to pay taxes and more people of retirement age to draw benefits, and this trend was expected to continue.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.
D
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The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the McCain-Feingold Act in McConnell v. the Federal Election Commission. What portion of the act did the Supreme Court then invalidate in its 2007 ruling in Federal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc.?
A. ban on issue-based ads within the 30- and 60-day election window B. restriction on public funding of political candidates C. limitations on advertisements and donations from corporations and labor unions D. ban on independent expenditures E. ban on limits to overall campaign expenditures
The development policy based on encouraging economic growth via exports of goods and services, usually starting with light manufacturing such as textiles, is known as
a. export-oriented growth b. import-substitute industrializations c. structural-adjustment programs d. globalization
All of the following are true of the Supreme Court's opinions on affirmative action EXCEPT
A. affirmative action laws and policies will be subject to strict scrutiny. B. affirmative action programs cannot make use of racial quotas. C. affirmative action programs may continue indefinitely, even after achieving their goals. D. race cannot be used as a "tie breaker." E. race can be considered as part of a complete examination of an applicant's background.
Which two characteristics distinguish a public good from a private good?
A. Nonexcludability and nonrivalness B. Nonexcludability and public efficiency C. Nonrivalness and private markets D. Public efficiency and private markets E. None of the above