The Industrial Revolution refers to the social and economic changes that occurred when machines and factories, rather than human labor, became the dominant mode for the production of goods. Industrialization occurred in the United States during the early and mid-1800s and represents one of the most profound influences on the family. Before industrialization, families functioned as an economic
unit that produced goods and services for its own consumption. Parents and children worked together in or near the home to meet the survival needs of the family. As the United States became industrialized, more men and women left the home to sell their labor for wages. The family was no longer a self-sufficient unit that determined its work hours. Rather, employers determined where and when family members would work. Whereas children in preindustrialized America worked on farms and contributed to the economic survival of the family, children in industrialized America became economic liabilities rather than assets. Child labor laws and mandatory education removed children from the labor force and lengthened their dependence on parental support. Eventually, both parents had to work away from the home to support their children. The dual-income family had begun. During the Industrial Revolution, urbanization occurred as cities were built around factories and families moved to the city to work in the factories. Living space in cities was crowded and expensive, which contributed to a decline in the birthrate and to smaller families. The development of transportation systems during the Industrial Revolution made it possible for family members to travel to work sites away from the home and to move away from extended kin. With increased mobility, many extended families became separated into smaller nuclear family units consisting of parents and their children. As a result of parents' leaving the home to earn wages and the absence of extended kin in or near the family household, children had less adult supervision and moral guidance. Unsupervised children roamed the streets, increasing the potential for crime and delinquency. The main idea of the passage is
a. the Industrial Revolution led to the growth of large cities.
b. following the Industrial Revolution, families became smaller.
c. the Industrial Revolution led to an increase in crime and delinquency.
d. the Industrial Revolution had a huge impact on the American family.
D
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In the following sentences, underline the subjects once and the complete verbs twice. Put all prepositional phrases in parentheses.
Complete the statements that follow each of the paragraphs below by choosing the letter of the correct response.
(1) The promise of steady work, good pay, and kinship ties at first lured eager rural young women to the mills in nineteenth-century New England. (2) Many pairs of sisters and cousins worked in the same mill and lived in the same boarding house. (3) They helped each other adjust, and their letters home drew other kin to the mills. (4) Young women then had few opportunities for work outside their own homes, and the commercial production of yarn and cloth had reduced their workload in New England farm households. (5) Averaging sixteen and one-half years of age when they entered the mills, the girls usually stayed only about five years—few intended to stay longer. (6) Their earnings brought them independence and the freedom of deciding whether to spend or save their earnings. A generalization you can make based on the details in this paragraph is a. young, single women benefited from mill work. b. young female employees were essential to the mills’ success. c. mill work was difficult drudgery. d. single women were better workers than married women.
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Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).
What are you looking for to ensure the essay sticks to its main idea?
a. Essay completeness b. Essay comprehension c. Essay cohesiveness d. Essay correspondence