Bandura’s theory differed from radical Skinnerian theory. Describe the ways these two approaches diverged.
What will be an ideal response?
Bandura’s social learning studies focused on humans, rather than animals, and as a result there was no need for an empirical leap of faith to apply the findings to humans; Bandura asserted the learning process was an active one in which humans could choose what they wanted to learn; Bandura painted a world of indirect reinforcement which means that a human might learn an action through vicarious reinforcement where the learner has observed someone else receiving a positive reinforcement for a certain action; Bandura conceptualized the concept of reinforcement in broader terms than Skinner; Bandera asserted that if a behavior was observed, but not displayed afterward, it was not proof that no learning had taken place; Bandura spoke of internalized behaviors.
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From a gender-sensitive perspective, most modern psychotherapy fundamentally is:
a. androcentric. b. female centered because most clients are women. c. oppressive to women. d. too costly for women.
Counselor immediacy is associated with
a. Feeling stuck b. Moving at a rapid pace in the session c. The present moment or "here and now" d. All of the above
It is vital for counselors to become aware of their own personal needs and values so that they
a. know which of their values they can encourage clients to adopt. b. can avoid accepting clients who hold values that are different from their own values. c. can avoid getting their own personal needs met through their counseling relationships. d. can give clients advice that is congruent with the counselor's value system. e. can choose a counseling specialty that allows them to get their personal needs met while providing counseling services to others.
___________________ is the idea that one theoretical system is correct and all other systems are incorrect, inferior, and/or irrelevant.
Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).