Discuss theories of organizational effectiveness

Question

What will be an ideal response?

Answer 1

• The goal model is the most common theoretical perspective on effectiveness. The model is both simple and complex, but in its simplest form, defines effectiveness as the degree to which an organization realizes its goals. Goal theory posits that organizations can be understood as rational entities. Evaluators assume that: an organization's goals can be identified; that organizations are motivated to meet those goals; and that progress toward them can be measured.
• There are some recognized difficulties with the goal model. Initially just determining what goals to consider can be a problem. Official goals are generally for public consumption and can be found in annual reports and broad policy statements. Operative goals are generally derived from official goals but tell us exactly what the organization is trying to do. Measuring goal attainment, which leaves some organizational activity unrecognized but may narrow activity so that only those goals whose attainment is measured are met.
• There are alternative theories in use, other than goal theory. The internal process model argues that effective organizations are those in which: there is little internal strain; information flows easily both horizontally and vertically; and internal functioning is smooth and characterized by trust and benevolence toward individuals.
• The participant-satisfaction or strategic-constituency models view effective organizations as serving the interests of key constituencies.
• The process approach describes effectiveness as a process rather than an end state, as might be the case under the goal model. Its three related components include: goal optimization; a systems perspective and behavior emphasis.