What type of reasoning is used to make a hypothesis based on previously established observations?
What will be an ideal response?
Inductive
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Sharks live in seawater. Their tissues are isotonic to seawater, but their concentrations of sodium ions, potassium ions, and chloride ions in cells and extracellular fluids are similar to those of freshwater fishes. How is that possible?
A) Urea and trimethylamine oxide contribute to intra- and extracellular osmolarity in shark tissues. B) Metabolic intermediates of sharks tie up intracellular chloride and potassium ions. C) Their blood is hypotonic to their tissues. D) They excrete large quantities of electrolytes.
Why would it be important for the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion test to use a standard concentration (number of cells in the sample) of each of the bacterial strains being tested?
A. Antibiotics only work within a narrow range of cell concentrations. If you use a concentration that is too low or too high, you will get inaccurate measurements of the zone of inhibition. B. Antibiotic resistance is usually only manifested by bacteria that have achieved a very high concentration (i.e., they are in the very end of the stationary phase of the growth curve). It's important to use bacteria specifically at this particular point for disc diffusion testing. C. If you were to use one strain that was stationary phase (high concentration, replicating very slowly or not at all), and another strain that was just beginning log phase (low concentration but replicating quickly), you could see dramatically different results in the disc diffusion test. This could skew your interpretations of resistance/susceptibility. D. Growth on the Mueller-Hinton agar plates utilized is very sensitive to the phase of the growth curve the bacteria are in when they are placed on the plate. If they are not in the log phase when they are placed on the plate, they will not grow and the test will be worthless.
Why do you think it was important to have all experiments start with guppies from both stocking tanks rather than just one of the stocking tanks? a. Stocking from both tanks is the only way to ensure enough guppies were presentfor robust data analysis
b. Because selection can only operate on alleles that are present in the population,using guppies from both stocking tanks ensured that the full range of alleles inthe natural population were also present in the experimental tank. c. It was not important to have all experiments start with guppies from both stockingtanks.
Which of the following is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease?
A) high levels of HDL B) high levels of LDL C) high consumption of trans fats D) high consumption of dietary cholesterol