Which of the following mechanisms facilitate venous return to the heart? 1. Sodium/potassium pump 2. Sympathetic venomotor tone 3. Cardiac suction 4. Skeletal muscle contraction
a. 1 and 2 only
b. 2, 3, and 4 only
c. 1, 2, 3, and 4
d. 3 and 4 only
ANS: B
The following four mechanisms combine to aid venous return to the heart: (1) sympathetic ve-nous tone, (2) skeletal muscle pumping, or "milking" (combined with venous one-way valves), (3) cardiac suction, and (4) thoracic pressure differences caused by respiratory efforts.
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