Martha was promised a 10% raise if she wins a contract with the city government. Martha could use the money to pay off some debts. However, she happens to know that another company already has informally won the contract. There is a very slim chance that she could win the contract away from the other organization, but she does not believe she can do it. According to expectancy theory, Martha is unmotivated to try to win the contract because she lacks __________.
A. valence
B. instrumentality
C. expectancy
D. significance
E. confidence
C. expectancy
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Marketing research is most commonly used to:
A) develop a training program for the marketing manager. B) create job descriptions for various roles in the marketing department. C) determine the key responsibility areas for the marketing manager. D) refine new product concepts.
The primary difference between ordinary repairs and extraordinary repairs is:
A. ordinary repairs are expenditures for routine maintenance and upkeep, whereas extraordinary repairs increase an assets economic usefulness in the future through increased efficiency, capacity, or longer life. B. extraordinary repairs are expenditures, not expenses. C. ordinary repairs cost less. D. extraordinary repairs only maintain the asset for a short time, whereas ordinary repairs increase the usefulness of assets beyond their original condition.
Labor unions are considered the quintessential form of independent employee representation because:
A. They are most likely to take management's perspective into consideration. B. They are partly influenced and operated by management. C. They are independent of managerial authority. D. They are independent of both employer and employee influence.
Questions asked of a client that suggest the answer and usually have a yes/no answer are probably:
A) leading questions. B) open-ended questions. C) discovery documents. D) nonleading questions.