In a national health study, begun in 2012, thousands of nurses are participating in ongoing research to better understand the effects of omega-3 fish oil and Vitamin D-3 upon cardiovascular health and bone health
Subjects are randomly assigned to experimental or control group, for the two variables. Data about cardiovascular health and bone health is in progress and planned to continue until 2017. This study could be an example of what types of research? (Select all that apply.)
a. Prospective
b. Retrospective
c. Factorial study
d. Event-partitioning
e. Descriptive
f. Correlational
g. Experimental
h. Quasi-experimental
ANS: A, C, G
In retrospective studies, both the proposed cause and the proposed effect have already occurred. In a prospective cohort study, causes may or may not have occurred, but the proposed effect has not. Descriptive and correlational designs are both non-interventional, since they examine variables in natural environments, such as home, and do not include researcher-designed treatments or interventions. Quasi-experimental and experimental designs are both interventional, since they examine the effects of an intervention by comparing differences between groups that have received the intervention and those that have not received the intervention. A merger of the cross-sectional or longitudinal and trend designs, the event-partitioning design, is used in some cases to increase sample size and to avoid the effects of history on the validity of findings. Cook and Campbell referred to these as cohort designs with treatment partitioning. The term treatment is used loosely here to mean a key event that is thought to lead to change. In a descriptive study, the researcher would not cause or manipulate the key event but rather would clearly define it so that when it occurred naturally, it would be recognized. Data across subjects is assumed to be comparable, and a larger sample size would be available for later studies of changes over time. In a factorial design, two or more different characteristics, treatments, or events are independently varied within a single study. This design is a logical approach to examining multicausality.
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