What are the various social process perspectives discussed in this chapter? Describe each
What will be an ideal response?
• Social learning theories emphasize the role of communication and socialization in acquiring learned patters of criminal behavior and the values supporting such behavior.
• Social control theories focus on the strength of the bond that people share with institutions and individuals, and how those relationships shape behavior.
• Labeling theory emphasizes the significance of society's response to the criminal, and points to the process through which a person is defined as a criminal as a significant contributory factor in determining future criminality.
• Reintegrative shaming is a contemporary offshoot of labeling theory and emphasizes possible positive outcomes of the labeling process.
• The dramaturgical perspective focuses on how people can manage the impressions they make on others more effectively.
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A type of thinking that scrutinizes knowledge claims using the criteria of reason and evidence is called ____________
a. faith-based science b. practical reasoning c. critical thinking d. disinterested knowledge
The first step in a content analysis is to design coding procedures for the variables to be measured.
Answer the following statement true (T) or false (F)
A particular student wants to do well in school but never seems to be able to earn higher than a D. In pursuit of academic success, the student begins to cheat on exams. This is most consistent with which form of adaptation in Merton's theory of anomie/strain?
a. Conformity b. Innovation c. Rebellion d. Retreatism
According to Kauffman (1988), guards who show hostility toward inmates but identify closely with fellow guards are known as:
a. Pollyannas b. White hats c. Hard asses d. Functionaries