Addressed by the Court in Hiibel, the stop-and-identify statutes:

a. Required individuals to present identification during a reasonable suspicion stop
b. Authorized police officers to make random stops of individuals to obtain identification as part of police efforts to arrest persons with outstanding warrants
c. Authorized police officers to check a person’s identity near U.S. borders to help enforce U.S. immigration laws
d. Required police officers to detain a person who does not have identification on his or her person until such time as the person’ identity can be established


a. Required individuals to present identification during a reasonable suspicion stop

Criminal Justice

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The CPTED principle of ________ uses elements such as doors, fences, and gates to deny access to a crime target

Fill in the blank(s) with correct word

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An error whereby a historical researcher locates an event before or after when it actually occurred is called _____________

a. internal criticism b. external criticism c. bowdlerization d. pseudoproof e. anachronism

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Police must

A. know the codified law B. charge appropriately C. investigate effectively D. all of the above

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Which of the following statements is accurate concerning research across national boundaries?

A. Data quality concerns are less. B. Data quality concerns are more. C. Data quality concerns are the same. D. There are no data quality concerns.

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