The nurse evaluates the venipuncture site before leaving the patient's room with the blood specimen. Which nursing observation is an unexpected outcome?
a. A dot of blood covers the venipuncture site.
b. Heart rate is stable and regular at 80 beats/min.
c. A soft subcutaneous lump appears at the venipuncture site.
d. The patient complains of stinging with removal of the needle.
C
A soft subcutaneous lump at the venipuncture site after withdrawing the needle potentially indi-cates hematoma formation; this is undesirable because it increases the risk of patient infection at the site and is likely to cause patient discomfort. A dot of blood can indicate leakage from the venipuncture site but is usually a benign finding indicating clot formation. A stable heart rate and rhythm is a highly desirable outcome of venipuncture. Stinging on removal of the needle is ex-pected.
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List the three main factors that interfere with client education
What will be an ideal response?