Learning theorists view oppositional defiant disorder as arising from ______
a. excessive use of punishment c. inappropriate reinforcement strategies
b. use of aversive conditioning d. the use of unconditional positive regard
C
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Frederick cringes every time he hears a dentist's drill, even when he is sitting in the waiting room of his dentist's office. In this example, the pain of dental drilling is
a. a conditioned response. b. an unconditioned stimulus. c. an unconditioned response. d. a conditioned stimulus.
Helping behavior is adaptive from an evolutionary standpoint if
a. the fittest individual does not gain an advantage over the less-fit. b. the economic rewards of helping are greater than the costs. c. it helps to secure propagation of an individual's genes. d. it is performed for altruistic rather than egoistic motives.
Dale is 12 years old and is being raised by a single mother who recently lost her job. Dale and his mom are now homeless and experiencing poverty for the first time. Chip is 6 years old. He is being raised by an unemployed single father. Chip and his father have been living in poverty since Chip's birth. According to research on poverty, who is more at risk for negative consequences pertaining to
health, cognitive development, and school achievement? a. Dale only b. Chip only c. Both Dale and Chip d. Neither Dale nor Chip, because they are being raised by a parent
Suppose that you have a summer job in which you work with both monolingual and bilingual children, although the two groups are otherwise similar. You would expect to find that
a. the monolingual children would typically be better at following directions. b. the bilingual children would learn the pragmatics of only one language, so if English is their second language, they would be likely to make pragmatic errors. c. the bilingual children would usually be better at following complex instructions. d. the bilingual children would generally perform better at all language tasks except for tasks requiring metalinguistic expertise.