Assume a researcher uses positive reinforcement via praise in an initial intervention phase, followed by positive reinforcement via tokens and praise, and response cost for inappropriate behaviors. The target behavior increases slightly during the praise only reinforcement phase but then improves much more so during the praise, tokens, and response cost phase. Explain whether this circumstance
best represents a threat to reliability or validity.
What will be an ideal response?
The circumstance best represents a threat to validity. This represents multiple treatment interference making it very difficult for the researcher to determine which of the procedures (praise, tokens, response cost, and/or the combination) actually influenced the changes in the target behavior. The dependent variable could be very reliably recorded but this would not eliminate the threat to validity.
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What will be an ideal response?
In experimental research, the researcher tries to keep which variable constant?
a) The dependent variable b) The contextual variable c) The extraneous variable d) The independent variable
(p. 49) Intimate human interaction is time spent ________.
A. by oneself B. on playful adult-initiated interactions with a child C. being fully focused on a child during caregiving routines D. doing routine caregiving tasks, no matter how they are done
Which of the following is the essential element of an arts-based unit that are the big ideas or key concepts that help teachers decide what to teach and what to assess:
a. Select a topic b. Indentify essential understandings c. Indentify standards d. Brainstorm ideas for the arts and the content areas