A hospital is preparing for the American Nurses' Credentialing Center's magnet hospital designation process. Nurse representatives on the Magnet Council consider several Professional Practice Models (PPMs) as their approach to nursing care
After selecting a PPM model, members of the Council plan a series of nursing grand rounds. These focus on nursing's code of ethics, ethical frameworks for handling moral judgments, the organization's value statement, and ethics case studies led by the hospital chaplain. What particular nursing theory, philosophical approach, or framework of caring have the nurses decided to adopt?
A) Watson's Theory of Human Care
B) Leininger's Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality
C) Carper's Ways of Knowing in Nursing
D) Boykin and Schoenhofer's Nursing as Caring Theory
Answer: C
Barbara Carper's Ways of Knowing in Nursing as the hospital's framework for caring has been adopted as the framework for the hospital's Professional Practice Model (PPM). Carper identified four ways of knowing used by nurses in the provision of nursing care-empirical knowing ("the science of nursing"), aesthetic knowing ("the art of nursing"), personal knowing (the nurse's process of self-exploration and self-actualization), and ethical knowing (the moral component of knowing). The latter requires nurses to be knowledgeable about codes of ethics and moral behavior. The other three approaches to caring in nursing focus on other major tenets related to caring. Watson's Theory of Human Care emphasizes the role of authentic caring relationships in healing. Leininger's Theory of Culture Care Diversity emphasizes actions that preserve, maintain, and accommodate the cultures of diverse clients, and Boykin and Schoenhofer's Nursing as Caring Theory describes caring as an essential aspect of nursing and a process rather than a mere goal.
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Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).