When a change in the dependent variable could be due to the researcher's hypothesis or the participant's hypothesis, __________ is a threat to internal validity
a. diffusion of treatments
b. instrumentation
c. placebo effect
d. demand characteristics
D
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The textbook implies that a struggling working class might be a necessary condition for socialism to take hold
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
Liberal and constructivist theorists often look to the rules, norms, and institutions in the international system as an explanation for war and peace
a. True b. False Indicate whether the statement is true or false
Attrition occurs when a participant drops out of study or does not return to complete additional parts to a study
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
Which of these is a characteristic of single-party systems?
a. They lack ideological commitment. b. They are generally poorly organized. c. They lack competition and accountability. d. They foster too much competition to retain stability.