How do contemporary researchers view the family? Describe direct and indirect influences on the family, and provide examples of each
What will be an ideal response?
Answer: Contemporary researchers view the family as a network of interdependent relationships. Bidirectional influences exist in which the behaviors of each family member affect those of others. These influences operate both directly and indirectly. Kind, patient communication evokes cooperative, harmonious responses, whereas harshness and impatience engender angry, resistive behavior. Each of these reactions, in turn, forges a new link in the interactive chain. In the first instance, a positive message tends to follow; in the second, a negative or avoidant one is likely. When parents are firm but warm, children tend to comply with their requests. And when children cooperate, their parents are likely to be warm and gentle in the future. Furthermore, third parties indirectly influence the family. Interaction between any two family members is affected by others present in the setting. Third parties can serve as supports for or barriers to development. For example, when a marital relationship is warm and considerate, mothers and fathers are more likely to engage in effective coparenting. Effective coparenting, in turn, fosters a positive marital relationship.
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Suppose you collect data about child abuse and find that mothers who have their first child before age 18 are more likely to be abusive than mothers who are older
However, you also note that young mothers are also more likely to be poor and have less access to prenatal care. Therefore, you cannot draw conclusions about maternal age and child abuse. The reason you cannot draw this conclusion is because your study involved: a. a sequential-cohort design b. a nonrandom sample c. a nonrepresentative sample d. confounding