Which of the following statements can explain why an association between Event A and Event B may not imply causality from A to B?
a. The observed association may be coincidental
b. There may be a third variable that is responsible for causing both events.
c. Causality may run from Event B to Event A instead of in the opposite direction.
d. All of the above can explain why an association between Event A and Event B may not imply causality from A to B.
d
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Minimum wages:
A) benefit all workers. B) are usually set below equilibrium wages. C) can reduce wage rigidity. D) can increase unemployment.
According to your text, open market operations
A) can be a difficult and delicate task. B) are free from political pressures. C) are designed solely in the national interest. D) have failed to be effective ever since the U.S. has gone off the gold standard.
Among the sources of economic inefficiency are all of the following EXCEPT
A) price regulations. B) rapid technological change. C) monopoly. D) taxes and subsidies.
Measures of student performance have not increased even though per-pupil government subsidies have increased because
A) there is a need for more funds to be spent. B) we have declining enrollment in public schools. C) parents and children value the last unit of educational services received more than the cost. D) parents and children value the last unit of educational services received less than the cost.