Explain the difference between emulation and imitation in research on observational learning, and give an example of each from the research literature in your text
What will be an ideal response?
Imitation involves mimicry of a live model (or televised model) performing an action. Emulation involves learning through observation but without a model performing the action. For example, the most famous study of imitation was probably Bandura's study of aggression after a child got to observe an adult model interact with a Bobo doll in an aggressive fashion. The model was either punished, rewarded, or received no consequence for the aggression. The children tended to mimic the rewarded or no consequences model more often than they mimicked the punished model. Emulation was examined in Thompson and Russell's "ghost" condition in which infants observed a toy on a rug move toward them (it was moved via remote control). As the rug was pushed forward (away from the infant), the toy was remotely moved toward the infant. This motion, although counterintuitive, was learned by the infants watching the pattern of the rug being pushed away and the toy moving toward them. No adult model pushed the rug, so it was a study of emulation.
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Periods of heavy drinking in which a person with alcoholism can remember events only when someone reminds them of what happened or they drink heavily again are referred to as
a. brownouts. b. blackouts. c. grayouts. d. whiteouts.
An important characteristic of the connectionist approach is that
a. the neural activity that corresponds to a particular cognitive activity is typically limited to a single small location. b. many cognitive activities rely on serial operations. c. it is flexible enough to explain many cognitive skills. d. it can only explain higher mental processes, such as decision making.
Disgusting scenes or odors, pain, and insults are aversive stimuli that can heighten hostility by
a. lowering arousal levels so one is more likely to aggress. b. raising overall arousal levels so one is more sensitive to aggressive cues. c. inhibiting innate patterns designed to lower aggression. d. triggering innate patterns for aggression.
Why did Jung wish to avoid the terms mind and mental?
a) He felt that they implied consciousness. b) He associated them with mental disorders. c) He thought they were too inclusive. d) He considered them to be lay descriptions of psychological constructs.