What challenges did the civil rights movement experience in 1963? What strategies did King choose to utilize?
What will be an ideal response?
Ideal Answer: The ideal answer should:
1. Note that in 1963 the movement appeared to be stalled. Southern black communities were strong and well organized, but their efforts had achieved only modest changes. It was impossible to overcome the power of southern governments without the intervention of the federal government, but national politicians remained reluctant to act unless faced with open defiance by white people or with televised violence against peaceful protesters.
2. Point out that King and other black leaders knew that if city governments throughout the South followed the model of Sheriff Pritchett in Albany, the civil rights movement might lose momentum.
3. Note that to rejuvenate the movement, SCLC decided to launch a massive new campaign of boycotts, pickets, and demonstrations code-named "Project C for Confrontation." Their program would be far more extensive than any before, including demands to integrate public facilities and the desegregation of schools.
4. Note that King's "Letter from a Birmingham Jail" helped to further define the confrontational but non-violent nature of the civil rights strategy.
5. Conclude that the Birmingham movement of public non-violent protest had lost momentum because many of the protesters either were in jail or could not risk new arrests. King and other leaders believed it was necessary to risk harm to children to ensure their freedom. A "children's crusade" involving thousands of youths, some as young as six, marched which enraged "Bull" Connor and his officers. The police not only arrested the children but flailed away with nightsticks and set dogs on them.
6. Conclude that the increase of mass direct action pushed Congress to pass greater civil rights legislation over the next several years.
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Why did those who campaigned actively for ratification of the Constitution call themselves "Federalists"?
a. The term "Nationalists" had been used during the ratification of the Articles of Confederation and was now negatively viewed. b. The term suggested that they stood for a confederation of states and not for a supreme national authority. c. They wanted the public to know that they supported strong state governments that controlled the federal government. d. The term "Antifederalists" was perceived as negative because of the root "anti." e. The popular song "Federalists on the Shore" recalled the glories of the Revolutionary War.
Besides inventing the cotton gin, what did Eli Whitney do that furthered American manufacturing?
A) He developed railroad ties that were capable of supporting heavy weight. B) He showed how water could be used to power textile mills. C) He introduced the concept of interchangeable parts D) He marketed American manufacturing products in Europe E) He invented a heating process that removed impurities from iron.
Mayan civilization
a. had such a sophisticated religious system that it was adopted by the Spanish invaders. b. may have been composed of approximately thirty million people at its height. c. was located in the northern part of the Valley of Mexico. d. was never wealthy. e. declined in the eighth or ninth centuries C.E.
Which of the following is not a characteristic shared by the civilizations of the Western Hemisphere with those of the Old World?
A. Long-distance trade B. Human sacrifice C. Iron smelting D. Irrigated agriculture E. The practice of warfare