Explain what dual innervation means with regard to the autonomic nervous system. Using the cardiovascular, respiratory and digestive systems as examples, explain how dual innervation regulates the function of each system
Dual innervation means that both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems control some areas of the body. In general, they have opposing actions. In the cardiovascular system, sympathetic stimulation increases heart rate and contractility while parasympathetic stimulation decreases heart rate. In the respiratory system, sympathetic stimulation dilates the airways while parasympathetic stimulation constricts the airways. In the digestive system, sympathetic stimulation slows down motility and release of secretions while parasympathetic stimulation increases motility and release of secretions.
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The thymus is located posterior to the
A. manubrium of the sternum. B. body of the sternum. C. xiphoid process of the sternum. D. None of the above; the thymus is anterior to the thyroid gland.
The two bones of the lower arm are the:
a. tibia and fibula b. femur and humerus c. ulna and radius d. none of the above
The gray and white rami that allow information exchange between the spinal nerves and the autonomic ganglia are collectively called the ________.
Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).
The collar that forms around the opposing ends of bone fragments is called a/an ________.
A. hematoma B. osteon C. external callus D. internal callus E. epiphysis