Define the three factors that determine a person's motivation according to expectancy theory. For each factor, describe one action a manager could take to increase an employee's motivation based on that factor.

What will be an ideal response?


The expectancy theory identifies three major factors that determine a person's motivation: expectancy, instrumentality, and valence. Expectancy is a person's perception about the extent to which effort (an input) results in a certain level of performance. A person's level of expectancy determines whether he or she believes that a high level of effort results in a high level of performance. A manager can provide training or express confidence in subordinates to increase their level of expectancy. Instrumentality, the second major concept in expectancy theory, is a person's perception about the extent to which performance at a certain level results in the attainment of outcomes. A manager can use a credible pay-for-performance approach to distributing outcomes in order to boost motivation due to instrumentality. The third factor, valence, refers to how desirable each of the outcomes available from a job or organization is to a person. A manager could meet with each employee to determine what is important to them.

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A) The contract should be signed by the party who seeks enforcement. B) The signature of the person who is enforcing the contract is not necessary. C) The signature must appear at the end of the writing. D) A person's nickname or initials are not binding legal signatures.

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An advocate of the institutional theory would argue in favor of businesses ________

A) focusing solely on profit-making ventures B) gaining the trust of constituent groups C) emphasizing continuing professional education D) acting in a manner that benefits all of society

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Indicate whether the statement is true or false

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