Jenna, a 16-year-old girl, is convinced she is "fat" although her weight is within a healthy range. Her eating patterns are normal, but she wears baggy clothes to hide her figure and wants her parents to allow her to have weight loss surgery. What is the most likely clinical diagnosis for Jenna's behavior?
a. muscle dysphoria
b. body dysmorphic disorder
c. excoriation disorder
d. anorexia nervosa
Answer: b. body dysmorphic disorder
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In a clever experiment, Edward Chace Tolman placed rats at the entrance of a maze and recorded how long it took them to arrive at the end of the maze. Some rats were rewarded with food each time they reached the end, other rats were never rewarded, and a third group was rewarded only after the 11th day of training. Starting on the 12th day, this last group ran through the maze just as quickly as the first group that had been rewarded consistently for its performance. How did Tolman explain this surprising outcome?
A. Even in the absence of direct reinforcement, rats in the third group had formed a cognitive map of the maze, allowing them to navigate it quickly after reinforcement was introduced. B. Rats in the third group were simply smarter than rats in the other two groups, and therefore quickly learned the maze after reinforcement took place. C. Rats in the first group had become bored with the continuous reinforcement; their slower speeds made it appear as though rats in the third group had learned quickly. D. Rats in the third group had the opportunity to observe the performance of rats in the first group, and therefore knew that reinforcement would eventually be coming.
In a cross-cultural study by Masuda and Nisbett (2001) involving Japanese and American students to find the influence of culture on attention, it was found that:
a) there were minor differences in recalling the focal object in the picture. b) there were major differences in recalling the focal object in the picture. c) the Japanese students remembered more of the background objects. d) the American students remembered more of the background objects.
Suppose that the correlation between weight and the number of hours spent working out per week is +.84 . What proportion (or percent) of the variability in weight is accounted for by the relationship with the number of hours spent working out?
a. 91% b. 71% c. 42% d. Cannot be determined
Dr. Mitchell has been exploring how the ability to solve mathematics problems develops in young children. Her area of developmental research is primarily concerned with
a. cogitation. c. cognition. b. calibration. d. centration.