In which instances could bias in measuring embarrassment be decreased? (Select all that apply.)
a. Use more than only one way of collecting the data (such as a verbal response + an external rater).
b. Use more than only one question to elicit the response (such as Yes–No + how much).
c. Use more than only one modality of measurement (such as Yes–No + a physiologic instrument).
d. Hypnotize subjects, so that they give absolutely honest answers.
e. Replicate the study.
ANS: A, B, C
Mono-operation bias occurs when only one method of measurement is used to assess a construct. When only one method of measurement is used, fewer dimensions of the construct are measured. Construct validity greatly improves if the researcher uses more than one instrument. It is often possible to apply more than one measurement of the dependent variable with little increase in time, effort, or cost. In monomethod bias, the researcher uses more than one measure of a variable, but all the measures use the same method of recording.
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