Compare and contrast recognition and recall, and briefly describe the development of each during the first two years.
What will be an ideal response?
The simplest form of memory is recognition, which involves noticing when a stimulus is identical or similar to one previously experienced. To determine whether a baby has recognized a stimulus, scientists can design experiments in which babies indicate by kicking, pressing a lever, or looking whether a new stimulus is identical or similar to a previous one. Studies using these operant conditioning and habituation methodologies reveal a dramatic improvement in retention of recognition memories from early infancy through toddlerhood. Recall is a more challenging task because it involves remembering something not present. By the middle of the first year, infants are capable of recall, as indicated by their ability to find hidden objects and engage in deferred imitation. Recall also improves steadily with age and, as assessed with deferred imitation tasks at 20 months, predicts performance on memory tests at age 6.
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