A unit of packed red blood cells was ordered for a client. Twenty minutes after the blood began infusing, the client developed dyspnea, chest pain, bloody urine, and a decrease in blood pressure. This type of transfusion reaction is:
1. Acute hemolytic reaction.
2. Allergic reaction.
3. Delayed hemolytic reaction.
4. Febrile nonhemolytic reaction.
Acute hemolytic reaction.
Rationale: Bloody urine and decreased urine output, petechiae, jaundice, decreased blood pressure, chest tightness, low back pain, nausea, anxiety, dyspnea, hypotension, bronchospasm, hemoglobinemia, acute renal failure, shock, cardiac arrest, and death are symptoms that typically occur within the first 15 minutes of the transfusion with an acute hemolytic reaction. Allergic reactions are manifested by itching, hives, flushing, and chills. Delayed hemolytic reactions are manifested by fever, anemia, increased bilirubin level, decreased or absent haptoglobin, and jaundice. Febrile nonhemolytic reactions are manifested by increased pulse rate, temperature > 1oC, chills, headache, nausea and vomiting, anxiety, flushing, back pain, and muscle aches.
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