Which of the following is the best description of punctuated equilibria?
a. Long periods of stasis are punctuated by episodes of relatively rapid speciation and change.
b. The equilibrium of separate species may be punctuated by gene flow within hybrid zones.
c. Most rapid speciation events involve polyploidy in plants; speciation in animals is a much more gradual process.
d. Rapid environmental changes produce rapid speciation events; gradual environmental changes result in gradual speciation events. Speciation does not occur if the environment remains constant.
e. In the framework of geologic time periods, speciation events occur rapidly, and the equilibrium of species is punctuated by frequent extinctions.
Answer: a. Long periods of stasis are punctuated by episodes of relatively rapid speciation and change.
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