You are wondering whether there is a consistent evolutionary trend for a decrease in size in a family of in-sects. For a meaningful phylogenetically independent comparison, what would you compare in the following table?
columns A B C D
rows Genus I Genus II Genus III Genus IV
1 Mean length fossil taxa 22 14 35 15
2 Mean length extant taxa 12 15 28 24
a. The average of row 1 vs. the average of row 2.
b. The averages of columns A through D against each other.
c. The sum of rows A and B vs. the sum of rows C and D.
d. Rows 1 vs. 2 for each column.
D
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