In your own words, describe nonspuriousness. How do researchers attempt to achieve nonspuriousness in experimental and nonexperimental designs? What is the role of extraneous variables in explaining a spurious relationship?
What will be an ideal response?
Nonspuriousness—when a relationship between two variables is not due to a variation in
a third variable; randomization—the random assignment of cases, as by the toss of a coin;
random assignment—a procedure by which each experimental subject is placed in a
group randomly, a distinction from random sampling; statistical control—a method in
which one variable is held constant so that the relationship between two (or more) other
variables can be assessed without the influence of variation in the control variable;
extraneous variable—a variable that influences both the independent and dependent
variables so as to create a spurious association between them that disappears when the
extraneous variable is controlled.
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If a program evaluation is written without regard to whether the program had the intended effect, but with very careful attention to how it will be received by other social science peers, it has what kind of orientation or approach:
a. Process. b. Stakeholder. c. Social science. d. Theoretical.
Assessing the functioning of group members does not usually include
a) The intrapersonal life fo the member b) The interpersonal life of the member c) The environment in which the member functions d) The member's functioning in previous groups
Women in the military may be at risk of being raped because:
A. they make unwise decisions. B. they are physically weaker. C. the rapist is often in a position of power. D. all of the above.
Reference groups and membership groups have the same focus and definition
a. True b. False