______________ allows a judge to recognize a fact as true without the need to hear from a witness or view an exhibit.

a. A stipulation
b. Judicial notice
c. A presumption
d. Finding of guilt


b. Judicial notice

Criminal Justice

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Pardons were granted to prisoners in the early 1800s

Indicate whether the statement is true or false

Criminal Justice

The focus of the textbook is the repetitive and ________ offender

Fill in the blank(s) with correct word

Criminal Justice

Which of the following is not a risk factor of recurring victimization?

A. being young B. being employed C. having low socioeconomic status D. being female

Criminal Justice

The original features of the Pennsylvania system included all but which of the following?

a. separation b. silence c. reformation of inmates d. working with other inmates

Criminal Justice