A client in labor did not attend prenatal classes and is experiencing severe pain. In which breathing technique should the nurse instruct the client to help with relaxation and control? Select all that apply
1. Kussmaul breathing
2. Abdominal breathing
3. Slow-paced breathing
4. Pant–pant–blow breathing
5. Modified-paced breathing
2, 4
Explanation:
1. Kussmaul breathing is a pattern associated with health problems in which excessive carbon dioxide is being eliminated through the respirations. This is associated with diabetic ketoacidosis and not labor.
2. If the client has not learned a controlled breathing technique, teaching may be difficult during active labor. In this instance, the nurse can teach abdominal breathing. In abdominal breathing, the woman moves the abdominal wall upward as she inhales and downward as she exhales. This method tends to lift the abdominal wall off the contracting uterus and thus may provide some pain relief. The breathing is deep and rhythmic.
3. Slow, deep breathing or slow-paced breathing is usually taught during prenatal classes and is not appropriate to try to teach during active labor.
4. If the client has not learned a controlled breathing technique, teaching may be difficult during active labor. In this instance, the nurse can teach pant–pant–blow breathing. As transition approaches, the woman may feel the need to breathe more rapidly. To avoid breathing too rapidly, the woman can use the pant–pant–blow breathing pattern.
5. Shallow or modified-paced breathing is usually taught during prenatal classes and is not appropriate to try to teach during active labor.
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