Joshua recently transitioned from elementary school to middle school. He feels less academically competent, and his liking for school has declined. What changes in his school environment are likely contributing to this change?
A. In middle school, students are expected to have closer relationships with teachers than they did in elementary school
B. He now is offered fewer chances to participate in classroom decision making.
C. During middle school, decreased emphasis on competition reduces student motivation.
D. Middle school involves increased individual autonomy, which conflicts with the typical preferences of middle school students.
Answer: B
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