If we investigate a bivariate relationship by controlling for gender, which of the following would be consistent with a spurious relationship between X and Y?

a. The relationship between X and Y is the same for men and women.
b. the bivariate relationship between X and Y is zero for both men and women.
c. X and Y appear to be related for men but not for women.
d. There are many fewer men than women.


ANSWER: b

Sociology

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