The area represented by the letter "Y" in the figure is which of the following?
a. End-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2)
b. Alveolar ventilation
c. Alveolar dead space
d. Airway dead space
ANS: C
The end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2) is represented by the very end of the waveform. The alve-olar ventilation is represented by the area under the curve, which is "X." The alveolar dead space is represented by the difference between the arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) and the EtCO2 line, which is "Y." The airway dead space is represented by "Z."
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