According to research Riley, Greeno, and Heller on word problems, which of the following problems is easiest for first graders?

a. Joe has two marbles. Tom gives him four more marbles. How many marbles does he have now?
b. Joe has two marbles. Tom has four marbles. How many do they have altogether?
c. Joe has two marbles. Tom has four more marbles than Joe. How many marbles does Tom have?
d. all are equally difficult because they all require that you add 2 and 4 to get 6


A

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