What environmental constraints made sub-Saharan African empires relatively fragile compared to Eurasian states?
What will be an ideal response?
A. Environmental constraints of African states
1. outlets to the sea lay below the reach of the monsoon system and,
therefore, beyond the reach of the normal routes of trade
2. Mali and Mwene Mutapa were landlocked
3. Mali became a victim of its relative isolation
4. Location of Songhay
a. Atlantic's adverse winds and currents limited opportunities for
long-range communications by sea
b. states of the African "bulge" were limited to contending for
strictly regional power and wealth
5. Congo Basin had limited opportunities for states to reach out by sea
6. little of Africa's commercial and territorial activity was on an
unprecedented scale
a. while geography hindered commercial expansion, contacts with
other cultures helped growth
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