Which of the following hemodynamic changes are commonly seen in a patient with cardiogenic pulmonary edema?
1. Increased pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP)
2. Increased pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR)
3. Decreased mean pulmonary artery pressure (PA)
4. Decreased cardiac output (CO)
a. 1, 4
b. 2, 3
c. 1, 2, 3
d. 1, 2, 3, 4
A
Patients with pulmonary edema (hypervolemia) will have an increased pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) and decreased cardiac output (CO). The lung damage caused by COPD leads to increased pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). The PA pressure will be increased with pulmonary edema.
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Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).