Second messengers may initiate the:
A. Opening of membrane ion channels
B. Activation of genes, causing increased synthesis of specific cellular products
C. Modulation of Ca+2 levels inside the cell
ANS: D
Rationale: Second messengers activate responses inside the cell. In these cases, a single neurotransmitter might turn on a molecular pathway that ends with a change in gene expression, the opening of ion channels, and/or phosphorylation of a structural protein.
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