The ability of the adaptive immune response to tailor its response to a particular antigen is referred to as ____
a. diversity
b. memory
c. specificity
d. inflammation
e. self-recognition
ANSWER: c
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Summarize the evolution of sequencing technology beginning with the Sanger method
What will be an ideal response?
Some cancers are caused by the overexpression of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). It is known that RTK signaling pathways commonly stimulate cell division. Why would the overexpression of receptor tyrosine kinases lead to cancer development?
A. RTKs are activated by dimerization, caused by ligand binding. If there are too many receptors on the cell surface, it is possible that these receptors dimerize in the absence of ligand binding, thus stimulating cell division at inappropriate times. B. If there are too many RTKs on the cell surface, this will tend to allow cells to adhere to each other. Once they adhere, RTKs from one cell can bind to RTKs from another cell, and they can activate each other leading to activation of downstream signaling pathways in both cells. C. If there are too many RTKs on the cell surface, it is less likely that inhibitors will bind to all of the available RTKs and block their ability to enter the nucleus. As a result, some of the RTKs will be able to enter the nucleus to stimulate transcription. D. If there are too many RTKs on the cell surface, this will promote the inhibition of autophosphorylation. In the absence of autophosphorylation, it is more likely that the RTK downstream signaling pathway will be active.
Four of the five answers below pertain to smooth muscle. Select the exception
a. voluntary b. tapered cells with a single nucleus c. found in the walls of blood vessels d. found in the walls of the digestive tract e. not striated
The ABO blood types are controlled by
a. pleiotropy. b. multiple alleles. c. incomplete dominance. d. codominance. e. multiple alleles and codominance.