If individuals who sit in the back of the classroom receive lower grades on average than the rest of the class, does that mean that sitting in the back of a classroom causes one to perform poorly on exams?
a. Not necessarily. The reoccurrence of a certain relationship between two variables does not necessarily imply causation.
b. It is not possible for an economist to determine causation between variables.
c. The reoccurrence of such a relationship is sufficient evidence that sitting in the back of a classroom will lead to lower grades.
d. The reoccurrence of such a relationship is sufficient evidence that students who receive low grades prefer to keep a low profile and always sit in the back of the classroom.
a
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