Compare the inquisitorial and adversarial approaches.
What will be an ideal response?
Answers may vary.In an adversarial system of justice, the choice of what evidence to present during a trial is within the discretion of those involved in the litigation and their attorneys. Judges rarely call witnesses or introduce evidence on their own. The adversarial system is derived from English common law. This approach contrasts with the inquisitorial system used in Europe (but not in Great Britain), in which the judge has more control over the proceedings. The presiding judge conducts almost all the questioning of witnesses. When interrogating the disputing parties and witnesses, the judge often refers to a dossier prepared by a court official who investigated the case. The presentation of evidence and arguments is tightly controlled by the judge even in the presence of partisan attorneys representing the parties during the trial.In the inquisitorial system, the two sides do not have separate witnesses; the witnesses testify for the court, and the opposing parties are not allowed to prepare the witnesses before the trial. During a trial in the adversarial model, jurors may have to choose between two versions of the truth, neither of which is completely accurate, because witnesses often shade their testimony to favor their "side." In addition, skillful lawyers can effectively impugn the credibility of hostile witnesses, and criminal defendants rarely testify, despite being the most important source of information about the events in question.Research suggests that the adversarial system led to less-biased decisions that were more likely to be seen as fair by the parties in dispute. Because the adversarial system permits the litigants to "call the shots," it seems optimized to produce fair and just outcomes. Some note that inquisitorial procedures seem optimized to produce truthful outcomes because they involve a neutral third party who gathers the relevant evidence without influence from the parties who have a stake in the dispute. People's perceptions of justice and truth apparently do depend on the legal procedures to which they are exposed.
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The mean is used most often in behavioral research because researchers tend to
a. measure variables that have interval or ratio scores, and the scores form approximately normal distributions. b. conduct research in which the mathematical center of a distribution is required. c. conduct research in which only the most frequently occurring score is needed. d. measure variables that have interval or ratio scores, and the scores usually do not form a normal distribution.
A graphic artist's rather large computer monitor sitting on her desk partially obscures the window of her office. When sitting at her desk, she perceives the monitor to be in front of the window as a result of the depth cue termed:
A) interposition. B) relative size. C) texture gradient. D) retinal disparity.
Mark suffers from shaking, tremors, loss of control of fine motor movements, rigidity, and
disturbances in posture. He walks laboriously in a crouch and has sluggish reflexes. He usually looks expressionless, as if he were wearing a mask. Mark is probably suffering from ______. a. Parkinson's disease c. Pick's disease b. Alzheimer's disease d. Huntington's disease
Which of the following can be evaluated more effectively by a written test than by an oral test?
A) in-depth understanding B) knowledge of facts C) cheating and bluffing D) personal qualities