A 55-year-old male was admitted to the hospital with heart failure. He complains of increasing shortness of breath on exertion and needing to sleep on three pillows at night. On physical assessment, the nurse determines that his ankles and feet are very swollen. Which of these symptoms reflect left-sided heart failure and which reflect right-sided heart failure?
What will be an ideal response?
Because the heart is a double pump, each side can initially fail independently of the other. If the left side fails, pulmonary congestion occurs. The right side of the heart continues to propel blood to the lungs, but the left side does not adequately eject the returning blood into the systemic circulation. Thus, blood vessels in the lungs become engorged with blood, pressure within them increases, and fluid leaks from the circulation into the lung tissue, causing pulmonary edema. Shortness of breath and difficulty breathing in a prone position may occur.
If the right side of the heart fails, peripheral congestion occurs. Blood stagnates within body organs, and pooled fluids in the tissue spaces impair the ability of body cells to obtain adequate nutrients and oxygen and to rid themselves of wastes. Edema is most noticeable in the extremities (feet, ankles, and fingers).
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