Which of the following is a site in the nervous system where the transmission of nociceptive information can be altered?
A. Hormonal system
B. Dorsal horn
C. Cortical level
D. All of the above
ANS: D
Rationale: The transmission of nociceptive information can be altered at several locations in the nervous system. The phenomenon of antinociception is summarized with a five-level model: Level 1 occurs in the periphery; level II occurs in the dorsal horn; level III is the fast-acting neuronal descending system; level IV is the hormonal system; and level V is the cortical level.
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