Select 5 specific virulence factors and explain how each factor increases a pathogen's virulence.
What will be an ideal response?
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Which of the following complicates the generation of an evolutionary tree?
A. vertical gene transfer B. linkage analysis C. changes in mitochondrial DNA D. carcinogens in the environment E. multiple birth (e.g., twins)
Lactate production in muscle cells is
a. temporary. b. due to oxygen deficiency. c. an NAD+ regenerator. d. temporary and due to oxygen deficiency. e. temporary, due to oxygen deficiency, and an NAD+ regenerator.
A type of selection that favors altruism directed toward relatives is called
A. kin selection. B. sexual selection. C. mate selection. D. group selection.
The science called microbial ________ studies interactions between microbes and their environment and how those interactions affect the earth.
Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).