Describe and give an example of each of the following research methods: naturalistic observation, structured observation, ethnographic methods, self-report methods, and standardized tests.
What will be an ideal response?
The ideal answer should include:
1. Naturalistic observation involves observing child behavior in natural settings, such as observing how a child interacts with peers in a preschool.
2. Structured observation involves observing child behavior in a situation set up by the researchers, such as observing how an infant responds in a situation where the mother and a stranger enter and leave the room that the infant is in.
3. Ethnographic methods involve researchers becoming immersed in a particular culture and employing extensive observations and interviews of individuals who are part of that particular culture. An example is a researcher who lives with a tribe in a remote area of New Guinea and studies how family interactions differ from those of families living in towns.
4. Self-report methods involve the participant providing information either through a questionnaire or interview about his or her own behavior, attitudes, or skills. An example would be a child who takes a survey indicating how often she interacts with particular electronic media during a typical day.
5. Standardized tests are structured sets of questions or problems that are given in the same way to all individuals taking the test. Results of performance on these questions are compared to norms obtained on a large number of individuals representative of different age levels and demographic backgrounds. An example is the Bayley Scales of Infant Development.
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