Fully discuss the double expectations gap. What does each of the gaps mean for the power of the presidency?
What will be an ideal response?
The first expectations gap stems from presidential candidates having to make numerous campaign promises in order to get elected, although they do not have the constitutional powers to fulfill the promises they’ve made once elected. Therefore, the expectation that presidents will fulfill such promises typically cannot be met. The second expectations gap comes from the president having to fulfill multiple roles, which often conflict. For example, the president must serve as head of state, which is a unifying and symbolic role. However, this role is diminished by the requirements of the president’s head-of-government role. As head of government, the president must make partisan and divisive political decisions. It is difficult for the president to excel at both of these roles simultaneously. Consequently, presidents often cannot match what is expected of them.
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Hen Art refers to force as being "fungible," he means that
a. it is more flexible than economic power. b. it is more useful to a state than economic power. c. it can be used for a variety of tasks in a variety of contexts. d. it is important but not very flexible as a tool of foreign policy. e. it is not interchangeable between contextual situations.
The degree to which a researcher draws accurate conclusions about the effects of an independent variable refers to a study's
a. internal validity b. generalizability c. reliability d. external validity e. demand characteristics
Dr. Van Offer is conducting a research study that will expose the subjects to a great deal of stress. What might be one way to protect his subjects from harm?
A) Tell them to make out their wills before they start the study. B) Screen potential candidates to ensure that no one is at high risk for heart attack, mental breakdown, etc. C) Be deceptive and don't tell the subjects that they might be exposed to stress. D) Tell them to take an anti-anxiety medication before they start the study.
Supporters of neoliberal policies argue that the failure of these polices in many states in the Global South has been due to
a. authoritarian governments b. incomplete implementation of the policies c. national differences d. fundamentally flawed policies