The nurse is performing a medical history and physical assessment on an older client. Which common findings in the older client are related to the musculoskeletal system? (Select all that apply.)
a. Decrease in bone density
b. Decrease in falls due to lack of activity
c. Atrophy of the muscle tissue
d. Decrease in bone prominence
e. Degeneration of cartilage
f. Reduced range of motion of the joints
A, C, E, F
In the older adult, common findings include a decrease in bone density, atrophy of muscle tissue, cartilage degeneration, and a decrease in range of motion. In addition, falls increase as the result of kyphotic posture, widened gait, and an alteration in the center of gravity, creating an unsteady walking pattern. Increased bony prominences are observed in the older adult because less soft tissue is present to cushion the bone, and pressure ulcers are a threat.
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