How is inequality of opportunity measured?
What will be an ideal response?
Inequality of opportunity refers to the ways in which inequality shapes the opportunities that children and young adults have to maximize their potential. If an individual's chances to do well in life depend on the advantages or disadvantages of birth and early childhood, then we say opportunity is unequally distributed. However, measuring opportunity in any society is not a simple research question. Because there is no one obvious way of determining how much opportunity individuals really have in a society, social scientists use social mobility as an approximate measure. Social mobility is the pattern of intergenerational inheritance in a society and a measure of the extent to which parents and their children have similar or different social and economic positions in adulthood. A high-mobility society, where there is relatively little connection between parents' and children's place in life, approximates the ideal of equality of opportunity. In highly mobile societies, where a child ends up in life is determined largely through her or his own achievements. By contrast, when there is a relatively close connection between parents and their children's positions when children reach adulthood, social mobility is low. In low-mobility societies, the advantages or disadvantages of birth fully determine one's social position.
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In an analysis of variance, if the within-group variance estimate is about the same as the between-group variance estimate, then:
A) the null hypothesis should be rejected B) any difference between sample means is probably due to random sampling C) an error in the figuring was made, because a within-group variance estimate must always be smaller than the between-group variance estimate D) any difference between sample means is probably due to a real difference caused by the experimental conditions
For the more recent immigrants, opportunity was greatest in the countryside, which offered
similar occupations and settings to the land from which they immigrated. Indicate whether the statement is true or false
Race cannot be a biological fact. This conclusion is supported by which one of the following statements?
a. Parents considered different racial categories can produce offspring. b. We are all God's children. c. People can now choose the race with which they identify. d. There are simply too many "races" to keep track of.
Orbuch and Custer (1995) reported that when women defined their work as one of the most important aspects of their lives, their husbands ________.
A. reacted negatively B. had no reaction one way or the other C. divorce them D. reacted positively