Which of the following is considered a congenital problem or "birth defect"?
a. fetal alcohol syndrome
b. sickle-cell anemia
c. hemophilia
d. muscular dystrophy
ANSWER: a
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Learning to make a response in order to postpone or prevent discomfort is known as
a. avoidance learning. b. escape learning. c. latent learning. d. respondent conditioning.
Research that takes place in an open system as compared to a closed system has:
a. greater control. b. less ability to rule out alternative explanations. c. has greater internal validity. d. all of these
The influence of thought on emotion was studied by assessing athletes' reactions to being among the medal winners in the 1992 Olympics. The results showed that ________
a. third-place winners were happier than second-place winners. b. second-place winners were happier than third-place winners. c. there were no significant differences in happiness between third-place and second-place winners. d. second-place winners showed an increase in positive emotions, but third-place winners showed a decrease.
What are the different components of perspective taking? Provide one example of a paradigm
that has been used to assess this ability. Why is perspective taking viewed as a vital component to the development of moral reasoning? What will be an ideal response?